parathyroid gland of Rana cyanophlyctis during development

No estágio inicial, objeto deste estudo, a glândula paratiróide de Rana cyanophlyctis é uma pequena bola sólida de células epiteliais. Durante a prometamorfose a glândula aumenta de tamanho por proliferação celular. No clímax da metamorfose a glândula parece ser ativa, como é evidenciado pela presença de núcleos hipercromáticos e núcleos picnóticos

Geographic Information (GI) Product Marketing through Advertisements: An Application of Content Analysis

Marketing, particularly for new products, heavily depends on advertising. Advertising creates awareness among the potential buyers of the product and also poses the product as a need even if it is a want in reality. This study analyzed contents of 1749 marketing messages of Geographic Information (GI) product advertisements over the period of two decades (1989 to 2008). A tailored methodology was developed based on the approach of Resnick and Stern (1977). The contents analyzed include changing pattern of marketing message in the area of picture and text ratio, relevancy of headline message, sub-headline message and picture to the advertised products, image colour depth, and message media.  The use of picture dominated the text in the second half of the study period. A majority of the headline messages were of a direct product descriptive nature while the use of indirect product descriptive type gained momentum lately. The use of sub-headline message was found to be comparatively low. Pictorial elements/images of the products were mirrored in a majority of the marketing messages. Photorealistic image dominated the message having the combination of both image and text. The study also revealed that marketing messages of GIS software products were dominant in the first half while it was GPS/survey product in the second half. No significant relationship was found between various elements of the GI product marketing messages. Based on the above findings, the likely future trends of GI product marketing messages were predicted. Keywords: GI products; Marketing Message; Content Analysis; Advertisement; Print medi

CONTINOUS DEEP PALLIATIVE SEDATION: AN ETHICAL ANALYSIS

Ph.DDOCTOR OF PHILOSOPH

SOLUBILITY ENHANCEMENT OF NORFLOXACIN BY HYDROTROPY TECHNIQUE

The objective of this study is to improve the solubility of poorly water soluble anti-bacterial drug Norfloxacin by hydrotropic solubilization technique. For the present study sodium benzoate was used as hydrotropic agent. By using this hydrotropic agent as water soluble carrier, hydrotropic solid dispersions of Norfloxacin were prepared.in 1:1, 1:2, 1:3 and 1:4 ratios (drug: hydrotropic agent). Equilibrium solubilization of pure drug and hydrotropic solid dispersions of Norfloxacin in distilled water by excess solute method and solubility enhancement ratios were calculated by measuring the absorbance of the solutions at 274.80 nm using UV spectrophotometer. The hydrotropic agent did not interfere in analysis. The results showed that there was an increase in the solubility of Norfloxacin with hydrotropic solid dispersions compared to pure drug in distilled water. There was 9.56 fold enhancement in aqueous solubility of Norfloxacin with hydrotropic solid dispersion of 1:4 ratio compared to 1:1 (6.29), 1:2 (7.09) and 1:3 (8.59) ratios

Combined novice, near-peer, e-mentoring palliative medicine program: A mixed method study in Singapore

INTRODUCTION:An acute shortage of senior mentors saw the Palliative Medicine Initiative (PMI) combine its novice mentoring program with electronic and peer mentoring to overcome insufficient mentoring support of medical students and junior doctors by senior clinicians. A three-phased evaluation was carried out to evaluate mentees' experiences within the new CNEP mentoring program. METHODS:Phase 1 saw use of a Delphi process to create a content-valid questionnaire from data drawn from 9 systematic reviews of key aspects of novice mentoring. In Phase 2 Cognitive Interviews were used to evaluate the tool. The tool was then piloted amongst mentees in the CNEP program. Phase 3 compared mentee's experiences in the CNEP program with those from the PMI's novice mentoring program. RESULTS:Thematic analysis of open-ended responses revealed three themes-the CNEP mentoring process, its benefits and challenges that expound on the descriptive statistical analysis of specific close-ended and Likert scale responses of the survey. The results show mentee experiences in the PMI's novice mentoring program and the CNEP program to be similar and that the addition of near peer and e-mentoring processes enhance communications and support of mentees. CONCLUSION:CNEP mentoring is an evolved form of novice mentoring built on a consistent mentoring approach supported by an effective host organization. The host organization marshals assessment, support and oversight of the program and allows flexibility within the approach to meet the particular needs of mentees, mentors and senior mentors. Whilst near-peer mentors and e-mentoring can make up for the lack of senior mentor availability, their effectiveness hinges upon a common mentoring approach. To better support the CNEP program deeper understanding of the mentoring dynamics, policing and mentor and mentee training processes are required. The CNEP mentoring tool too needs to be validated

The Pivotal Role of Host Organizations in Enhancing Mentoring in Internal Medicine: A Scoping Review.

In undergraduate and postgraduate medical education, mentoring offers personalized training and plays a key role in continuing medical education and the professional development of healthcare professionals. However, poor structuring of the mentoring process has been attributed to failings of the host organization and, as such, we have conducted a scoping review on the role of the host organization in mentoring programs. Guided by Levac et al's methodological framework and a combination of thematic and content analysis, this scoping review identifies their "defining" and secondary roles. Whilst the "defining" role of the host is to set standards, nurture, and oversee the mentoring processes and relationships, the secondary roles comprise of supporting patient care and specific responsibilities toward the mentee, mentor, program, and organization itself. Critically, striking a balance between structure and flexibility within the program is important to ensure consistency in the mentoring approach whilst accounting for the changing needs and goals of the mentees and mentors

Enhancing Mentoring in Palliative Care: An Evidence Based Mentoring Framework

Background: Growing concerns over ethical issues in mentoring in medicine and surgery have hindered efforts to reinitiate mentoring for Palliative Care (PC) physicians following the easing of COVID-19 restrictions. Ranging from the misappropriation of mentee’s work to bullying, ethical issues in mentoring are attributed to poor understanding and structuring of mentoring programs, underlining the need for a consistent approach to mentoring practices. Methods: Given diverse practices across different settings and the employ of various methodologies, a novel approach to narrative reviews (NR)s is proposed to summarize, interpret, and critique prevailing data on novice mentoring. To overcome prevailing concerns surrounding the reproducibility and transparency of narrative reviews, the Systematic Evidenced Based Approach (SEBA) adopts a structured approach to searching and summarizing the included articles and employed concurrent content and thematic analysis that was overseen by a team of experts. Results: A total of 18 915 abstracts were reviewed, 62 full text articles evaluated and 41 articles included. Ten themes/categories were ascertained identified including Nature; Stakeholders; Relationship; Approach; Environment; Benefits; Barriers; Assessments; Theories and Definitions. Conclusion: By compiling and scrutinizing prevailing practice it is possible to appreciate the notion of the mentoring ecosystem which sees each mentee, mentor, and host organization brings with them their own microenvironment that contains their respective goals, abilities, and contextual considerations. Built around competency based mentoring stages, it is possible to advance a flexible yet consistent novice mentoring framework. </jats:sec